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Vacancias (ausencia de un átomo) y átomos intersticiales o sustitucionales (impurezas o elementos de aleación).

The lever rule allows calculation of the fraction of each phase at equilibrium. For example, at room temperature, a 0.2 wt% C steel will consist of ~97% ferrite (soft) and 3% pearlite (hard). metalurgia fisica

While phase diagrams tell us the final state, tells us how fast we get there. Fick’s laws describe atomic movement. Vacancias (ausencia de un átomo) y átomos intersticiales

The is the most critical defect. Plastic deformation (yielding) occurs when dislocations glide under stress. Strengthening mechanisms (work hardening, grain refinement, precipitation, solid solution) all operate by introducing obstacles that block dislocation motion. at room temperature

Enfriamiento al aire libre. Homogeneiza la estructura y afina el tamaño de grano.