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Breadcrumb

Engineering education often begins with deterministic physics—where you know the input, the system, and you can perfectly predict the output. However, the real world is noisy. Mobile signals face interference, electrical circuits generate thermal noise, and stock markets fluctuate unpredictably.

DBATU has a moderate-to-high question repetition rate. Solving last 5 years’ papers is non-negotiable.

Real systems rarely depend on a single variable.

Understanding distributions and statistical inference.

(a) State Wiener-Khinchin theorem. Derive the relationship between PSD and autocorrelation. (b) White noise of PSD N0/2 is input to an ideal bandpass filter centered at fc with bandwidth B. Find output PSD and autocorrelation.