[ \boxedW_c(a)=2\gamma A_s+\int_V\sigma_ij^\textres,\Delta\varepsilon_ij,dV ]
| Year | Author | Title | Key Contribution | |------|--------|-------|------------------| | 1918 | H. Fritz | Zur Theorie der Rissarbeit (On the Theory of Crack Work) | Introduced a work‑balance equation: , where γ is surface energy and σ_r Δε accounts for residual stress relaxation. | | 1921 | A. A. Griffith | The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids | Popularised the energy‑release rate G = (∂U/∂A)_P and highlighted the critical energy condition G = 2γ . | | 1945 | G. R. Irwin | A Stress‑Intensity Factor Treatment of Cracks | Developed the stress‑intensity factor K and related G to K²/E′ . |
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