: In-depth analysis of how to profit in sideways markets.
AI responses may include mistakes. For financial advice, consult a professional. Learn more Options As A Strategic Investment Fifth Edition Pdf
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Options trading involves risk, and it's essential to manage that risk to avoid significant losses. The fifth edition of "Options as a Strategic Investment" emphasizes the importance of risk management, including:
His portfolio was a graveyard of good intentions: three blue-chip stocks bleeding slowly, a growth fund that had peaked in 2021, and a savings account yielding less than the inflation rate.
SPSS Statistics
SPSS Statistics procedure to create an "ID" variable
In this section, we explain how to create an ID variable, ID, using the Compute Variable... procedure in SPSS Statistics. The following procedure will only work when you have set up your data in wide format where you have one case per row (i.e., your Data View has the same setup as our example, as explained in the note above):
- Click Transform > Compute Variable... on the main menu, as shown below:
Note: Depending on your version of SPSS Statistics, you may not have the same options under the Transform menu as shown below, but all versions of SPSS Statistics include the same 
option that you will use to create an ID variable.
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
You will be presented with the Compute Variable dialogue box, as shown below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
- Enter the name of the ID variable you want to create into the Target Variable: box. In our example, we have called this new variable, "ID", as shown below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
- Click on the button and you will be presented with the Compute Variable: Type and Label dialogue box, as shown below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
- Enter a more descriptive label for your ID variable into the Label: box in the –Label– area (e.g., "Participant ID"), as shown below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
Note: You do not have to enter a label for your new ID variable, but we prefer to make sure we know what a variable is measuring (e.g., this is especially useful if working with larger data sets with lots of variables). Therefore, we entered the label, "Participant ID", into the Label: box. This will be the label entered in the column in the Variable View of SPSS Statistics when you complete at the steps below.
- Click on the button. You will be returned to the Compute Variable dialogue box, as shown below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
- Enter the numeric expression, $CASENUM, into the Numeric Expression: box, as shown below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
Explanation: The numeric expression, $CASENUM, instructs SPSS Statistics to add a sequential number to each row of the Data View. Therefore, the sequential numbers start at "1" in row , then "2" in row , "3" in row , and so forth. The sequential numbers are added to each row of data in the Data View. Therefore, since we have 100 participants in our example, the sequential numbers go from "1" in row through to "100" in row .
Note: Instead of typing in $CASENUM, you can click on "All" in the Function group: box, followed by "$Casenum" from the options that then appear in the Functions and Special Variables: box. Finally, click on the button. The numeric expression, $CASENUM, will appear in the Numeric Expression: box.
- Click on the button and the new ID variable, ID, will have been added to our data set, as highlighted in the Data View window below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
If you look under the column in the Data View above, you can see that a sequential number has been added to each row, starting with "1" in row , then "2" in row , "3" in row , and so forth. Since we have 100 participants in our example, the sequential numbers go from "1" in row through to "100" in row .
Therefore, participant 1 along row had a VO2max of 55.79 ml/min/kg (i.e., in the cell under the column), was 27 years old (i.e., in the cell under the column), weighed 70.47 kg (i.e., in the cell under the column), had an average heart rate of 150 (i.e., in the cell under the column) and was male (i.e., in the cell under the column).
The new variable, ID, will also now appear in the Variable View of SPSS Statistics, as highlighted below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.
The name of the new variable, "ID" (i.e., under the column), reflects the name you entered into the Target Variable: box of the Compute Variable dialogue box in Step 2 above. Similarly, the label of the new variable, "Participant ID" (i.e., under the column), reflects the label you entered into the Label: box in the –Label– area in Step 4 above. You may also notice that we have made changes to the , and columns for our new variable, "ID". When the new variable is created, by default in SPSS Statistics the column will be set to "2" (i.e., two decimal places), the will show and the column will show . We changed the number of decimal places in the column from "2" to "0" because when you are creating an ID variable, this does not require any decimal places. Next, we changed the variable type from the default entered by SPSS Statistics, , to , because our new ID variable is a nominal variable (i.e., a variable) and not a continuous variable (i.e., not a variable). Finally, we changed the cell under the from the default, , to , for the same reasons mentioned in the note above.
Referencing
Laerd Statistics (2025). Creating an "ID" variable in SPSS Statistics. Statistical tutorials and software guides. Retrieved from https://statistics.laerd.com/
option that you will use to create an ID variable.
button and you will be presented with the Compute Variable: Type and Label dialogue box, as shown below:
column in the Variable View of SPSS Statistics when you complete at the steps below.
button. You will be returned to the Compute Variable dialogue box, as shown below:
, then "2" in row 
, "3" in row 
, and so forth. The sequential numbers are added to each row of data in the Data View. Therefore, since we have 100 participants in our example, the sequential numbers go from "1" in row 
.
button. The numeric expression, $CASENUM, will appear in the 
button and the new ID variable, 
column in the Data View above, you can see that a sequential number has been added to each row, starting with "1" in row 
column), was 27 years old (i.e., in the cell under the 
column), weighed 70.47 kg (i.e., in the cell under the 
column), had an average heart rate of 150 (i.e., in the cell under the 
column) and was male (i.e., in the cell under the 
column).
column), reflects the name you entered into the 
, 
and 
columns for our new variable, "ID". When the new variable is created, by default in SPSS Statistics the 
and the 
. We changed the number of decimal places in the 
, because our new ID variable is a nominal variable (i.e., a 
, for the same reasons mentioned in the